GMS Contract :: essays research papers

The new GMS contract PCTs ought to consider how network drug specialists can be better connected with to assist general with rehearsing meet the objectives in the GMS quality structure and as an elective supplier of upgraded GMS administrations. Sometimes, the center administrations proposed as a feature of the new drug store agreement will really guarantee GP rehearses satisfy certain quality guidelines. The National Pharmaceutical Association (NPA) asset pack ‘A snappy reference manual for the Quality Indicators in the new GMS contract’ portrays the key quality markers, what administrations network drug store can offer to help GP practices and instances of the distributed proof base. This is accessible in the NPA area of DrugInfoZone at . The new drug store contractThe DH, the NHS Confederation and the Pharmaceutical Services Negotiating Committee (PSNC) are presently arranging another drug store contract which will be executed during 2004 .The proposed structure for t he new drug store contract is as follows:Essential servicesEssential administrations will frame the center of the drug store contract and be given by all drug stores. These administrations include:DispensingFind out morewww.druginfozone.nhs.uk/ - - - - - Page 3 Vision’ contains away from on the future heading of network drug store administration advancement. For instance it expresses that â€Å"Pharmacy is a basic piece of the NHS family. We need to see drug specialists reinforcing their commitment to the arrangement of top notch, persistent focused NHS services.† ‘The Vision’particularly underlines the job for network drug specialists in the general wellbeing plan and medications the executives, and stresses the significance of having a drug specialist on the PEC.‘A Vision for Pharmacy in the new NHS’ is accessible at . Full reactions from the national drug store bodies are accessible at their separate sites atand A synopsis of reactions to ‘The Vision’ is accessible at Proposals to change and modernize the NHS (pharmaceutical administrations) guidelines 1992 The Government is at present creating proposition for changes in the control of section regulations.The key changes that PCTs shou ld know about (inside the current DH interview) are:Secondary enactment may present the ideas of â€Å"consumer decision and competition† inside the meanings of vital and attractive, which are utilized to pass judgment on drug store contract applications.Exemptions for drug stores in shopping advancements of more than 15,000 square meters, those wanting to open 100 hours out of every week and the individuals who are â€Å"part of consortium to grow new one stop centres† might be given. Anyway comparable to exceptions, an exclusion may possibly be given if the drug store will give a â€Å"full and recommended scope of administrations, suitable to neighborhood needs, as dictated by the PCT†.

Tips for Writing an Essay For a Scholarship

Tips for Writing an Essay For a ScholarshipStudents who are aiming to earn a scholarship can utilize a good essay to boost their chances of acceptance. They can be easily employed on the grounds of the writing skills. If you possess the ability to write, you can help others by writing an essay for a scholarship. This is possible if you have a well-thought about the subject and you're able to analyze it.Students who choose to write an essay for a scholarship must ensure that they are very cautious in order to make the best use of the content. The essay must be short and concise. It must also contain the most important information that will let the reader learn something new. This would leave them with the assurance that the information is related to the topic at hand. They must not compromise on this aspect, as there are instances when it is rejected because it does not meet the standards.The essay should also come with an introduction. This is an introduction, which introduces the to pic to the reader. In order to keep the attention of the reader, the introduction should be one that requires more than a few minutes. The first paragraph or even the introductory paragraph could easily be improved upon in order to attract the attention of the reader.One way to strengthen the interest in the readers is to introduce some interesting points to the students. They must make the students focus on the essays instead of focusing on other things. They must start from the basics and present all the information that is needed in a simple and easy manner. In addition, they should leave the readers with the certainty that the information has been presented well.Students who are writing an essay for a scholarship must be able to persuade the readers to learn more about the topic. This is necessary so that they do not need to repeat the information. Once they are convinced that the information has been given, they would be more likely to read further and they would get an idea th at they need to know.Students should also be able to complete the essay before its due date. By doing this, the student will know that the information that he/she has provided is correct. This would greatly improve the chances of the student being accepted on the basis of the essay. They can then proceed and prepare a better paper that would attract the attention of the people.The essay that you are going to write should also be prepared with a purpose. This would be essential so that the students can reach out to the readers. It should be a written essay which covers the topic and can possibly stimulate the interest of the reader. If you are able to create a successful essay, you are one step closer to achieving a scholarship.Students who are interested in writing an essay for a scholarship may have to devote several hours. The essay should cover every aspect of the topic. It should be a complete and well-written essay. Once you have written a great essay, you will have a better ch ance of receiving a scholarship.

Meet Rohini, Indian B-School Student At UCLA Anderson

This interview is the latest in an Accepted.com blog series featuring interviews with current MBA students, offering readers a behind-the-scenes look at top MBA programs. We hope to offer you a candid picture of student life, and what you should consider as you prepare your MBA application. And now for an interview with Rohini Vaze†¦ Accepted: First, can you tell us a little about yourself? Where are you from? Where and what did you study as an undergrad? Can you share 3 fun facts about yourself? Rohini: Sure! I am from Mumbai in India. I did my undergrad in electrical engineering from Pune and then worked at Tata Motors for three years. It was an amazing job where I got a 360 degree view of the business by working in sales, manufacturing and customer support and could take many initiatives and see them implemented. However, I always felt that I needed to learn frameworks that I could apply in my career, and so I came to business school to gain those skills. I also funded my friend’s startup during my time at Tata Motors and that got me interested in this space. So I am using these two years at business school to gain exposure to start-ups in California. 3 fun facts about me are: 1. I have travelled to 10 countries outside my country of birth. 2. I am a trustee at a non-profit organization in India to help underprivileged children learn English and computers. 3. I have been dancing since the age of five. Accepted:  Where are you in business school? What year? Rohini: I am in my first year of Business School at UCLA Anderson School of Management. Accepted: What is your favorite thing about Anderson so far? And if you could change one thing about the program, what would it be?   Rohini: My favorite thing about Anderson has been the people and the exposure that it has given to me. Many schools are good at a single discipline but not so great at other industries, but Anderson is great for a variety of careers. This gives a lot of exposure to people who have very diverse backgrounds and I am sure it will be very helpful in the future. If I could change one thing, I would change the time at which the school starts. The quarter system makes recruiting harder since all other schools tend to have an advantage of starting a month earlier than Anderson, and thus those students have more time to gain valuable skills that will help them in seeking internships and full time positions. Accepted: Can you tell us about your current internship? What role did UCLA play in helping you secure that position? Rohini: I am currently pursuing a part-time internship at a Venture Capital Firm in Santa Monica and the opportunity came to me through UCLA itself. We have a website through our career center where companies that are in need of interns post about their opportunities. I applied to this internship after seeing the posting on the website and went through a company analysis and interview process before being offered this position. The part-time internship involves doing market research for companies that are being considered for funding through the Venture Capital Firm. What I really like about the internship is that the firm has good deal flow and provides real support to the entrepreneurs that they fund. For the summer, I will be going to Amazon, and the Anderson career center was very helpful in giving me tips for preparation for the same. Moreover, my classmates as well as 2nd year students helped a lot with the preparation for the interviews! Accepted: Which other business schools had you considered attending? How was UCLA the best fit for you? Rohini: I always wanted a business school on the West Coast. I have a heard a lot about the cultural difference between the West and the East Coast schools and knew that I am a West Coast person. The other two criteria I had in mind were that I wanted a school in a city so that I could pursue part-time internships in parallel to school, as well as I wanted a school where there was a high concentration of people going into Hi-Tech. Thus, I had only considered attending UCLA, Berkeley and Stanford. I believe Anderson is a great fit for me since along with the above factors, Anderson has a very diverse crowd. The business school is really good for Finance and Consulting too, and I am confident that this exposure by being in an ‘all-rounder’ school will be very helpful in my career in the future. Accepted: I see that you did fantastic on your GMAT can you share a few tips with our readers? Rohini: Thanks. There are a few things that I think helped me a lot with my GMAT score: †¢ Start with the simplest books and then move on to the harder ones. The simpler books help to re-learn the concepts from high school that most of us have forgotten. I started preparing with Princeton books and then went on to Manhattan and Kaplan. I also advise my friends to study from the official GMAT book the last. The official book tends to have the simpler questions in the 400-600 range and are not the best questions to practice when you are aiming for a great GMAT score. However, being able to easily solve these questions in the last couple of days when you need something to reduce your anxiousness is the best way to use the Official GMAT book. †¢ Check your mistakes to find patterns that will help you to focus your further preparation on a particular topic that is common for GMAT exams. †¢ Spend adequate time on the first 10 questions. I took the older format GMAT where the first 10 questions can really make or break your final score. Thus checking for silly mistakes in reading the question or a calculation error in not calculating answers till the end helps in getting a good score. †¢ Most importantly, practice a LOT! This is probably the most important tip since one of my biggest hurdles with GMAT was managing to concentrate for the whole 4 hours. During practice exams, I observed that I would make a lot of silly mistakes in the last hour and get lower scores. Thus, I made it a point to get used to the long hours and took one practice exam every three days. I believe this can really make the difference between a 700 and a 750 score. Accepted: Do you have any other advice for our b-school applicants?   Rohini: Start the application early and enjoy the process! Hopefully, there will be many things that you will learn about yourself through the application process. Also, focus on a few schools that you really want to get into and gather as much information about the school from as many sources as possible – you might have the best application but you won’t get any admit unless you can articulate â€Å"why this school† well. For one-on-one guidance on your b-school applications, please see our MBA Application Packages. To read more a bout Rohini, you can check out her blog at Rohinis Blog. Thank you Rohini for sharing your story with us we wish you much success!   Related Resources: †¢Ã‚  UCLA Anderson Zone Page †¢Ã‚  MBA Admissions for Indian Applicants †¢Ã‚  Podcast: UCLA Anderson and Entrepreneurship

Sexual, Sexuality, And Sexuality - 2305 Words

As mentioned earlier, when a child is born, they are born with a sexual aim. That sexual aim is considered to be autoerotic and expresses itself in an infantile manner. This infantile sexuality, or autoerotic sexuality, is a masturbatory expression of sexuality. The child gets pleasure for themselves from themselves. This sexual aim is unconscious. The child doesn’t know why what they are doing feels pleasurable, but it instinctively brings them some form of pleasure, so they find comfort in it. This pleasure is the libido’s substitution for the normal genital release that isn’t yet organically or physiologically possible in the child. It is a passive pleasure where the child finds stimulation of the oral erotogenic zone by incorporating the object into itself. Freud says â€Å"the child does not make use of an extraneous body for his sucking, but prefers a part of his own skin because it is more convenient, because it makes him independent of the external world , which he is not yet able to control† (Three Essays 48). This pleasure presents itself in two forms. The first is â€Å"by a peculiar feelings of tension†¦character of unpleasure† and the second â€Å"consists in replacing the projected sensation of stimulation in the erotogenic zone by an external stimulus which removes that sensation by producing a feeling of satisfaction† (Three Essays 50). It is in this way that pleasure and unpleasure can both extinguish partially the normal sexual aim of the libido. The oral stage beginsShow MoreRelatedSexuality, Sexuality And Sexual Orientation1111 Words   |  5 PagesDate: 5/5/15 Human Sexuality Sexuality is something that seems to dominate a lot of the world we live in. It’s in our schools, at work, and especially in the mass media. The way your body develops and the way you feel and respond to others sexually creates your sexuality (â€Å"Sexuality and Sexual Orientation†, Youthoria). It can shape and affect people’s lives as well as our own. Sexuality can be influenced by culture, religion, media, friends and experiences. Some people are very sexual, while others experienceRead MoreSexuality : Human Sexuality, Sexual Orientation And Sexual Behavior1193 Words   |  5 Pages HUMAN SEXUALITY ReNata Shaw APUS: Human Sexuality Assignment 2 Resubmit Dr. Foster November 29, 2015 Human Sexuality Introduction Sexuality encompasses aspects in a person’s life that involves sex and gender identity, sexual orientation and sexual behavior. It encompasses the physical, social and psychological aspects of a person’s sexual behavior. It underpins what an individual is, affects the individual’s life wholesomely and is unique to each and every individualRead MoreSexual Sexuality And Sexual Practices933 Words   |  4 PagesSexual Normalcy Sexuality and sexual practices play a crucial part in how one defines oneself. The moral struggle between sinful or normal has a dramatic effect on how one views themselves, and one is perceived. When we can gain knowledge of how people process their own attitudes towards sexuality we can learn more about how humans tick. RUBIN’S RESEARCH Rubin’s prior research on the normality of certain sexual practices were the basis of this study. Rubin developed a sexual hierarchy where atRead MoreSex, Sexual, And Sexual Sexuality Essay1852 Words   |  8 PagesDesires Our society has socially excepted explicit language as well as sexual undertones as a way of introducing sex and pornography to our young people and mature adults alike.There are hidden secret sexual desires simply because we are taught that if our sexual thoughts or desires are different from others we are strange. Women were taught that they are damaged if they are to engage in watching pornography or engage in altered sexual desires that are outside of the vanilla spectrum. According to ConcepcionRead MoreSexual Exploration And Sexual Sexuality887 Words   |  4 Pagesengage in sexual exploration is a highly personal one, therefore, there is no ideal age to begin. In fact, for some people, sex may not be necessary for fulfilment. However, for both physical and mental health reasons, people should abstain from sexual exploration until after they reach sexual maturity. Although it is hard to define, I would suggest that for girls, this be measured by the onset of menarche, and for men, by testicular descent. Another matter to consider is: what constitutes sexual explorationRead MoreSexual Orientation, Gender, And Sexuality2049 Words   |  9 Pagesexpressions sexual orientation and sex are frequently utilized conversely, the two words have altogether distinctive definitions. One could contend that sex alludes to organic essentialism and the thought that we are who we are a result of our hereditary material. Then again, sex is connected with the social constructionist hypothesis, which contends that the way we are is reliant on our race, class, and sexuality. Since every individual is distinctive in their race, class, and sexuality, their sexRead MoreSexuality Is Defined By Sexual Orientation1538 Words   |  7 PagesSexuality is defined by â€Å"sexual orientation or preference† as well as the ability to understand the capacity of sexual desires. Same sex sexuality refers to sexual orientation also, but one’s preference towards someone of th eir same gender and the â€Å"erotic thoughts, feelings and behaviours† they assign to those of the same sex. Culturally, same sex sexuality is not always based on sexual ideals, acts that could be defined as being homosexual and appealing to those with same sex sexuality, oftenRead MoreSexuality : Teaching Sexual Orientation1844 Words   |  8 PagesSexuality has become a touchy subject due to the major increase in gays, lesbians, and transgender. The considerable amount of young students who are claiming these titles are an even more sensitive subject which has grasped society. When it comes to the youth of the nation every one becomes concerns. The way students are being taught is already in question, it brings more concern to society when people want students to start learning about sexuality in schools as well. I will review four main issuesRead MoreSex, Sexuality, And Sexual Health942 Words   |  4 PagesMany educators feel anxious or hesitant in address the topics of sex, sexuality, and sexual health especially in developing country. They may feel confused about what to teach and when to teach it. Many countries are now starting to teach the younger generation about sexual health. Although, North America and Europe have sexual education in their school; many developing countries lack sexual education which leads to high rate of teen pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV. SomeRead MoreHuman Sexuality And Sexual Orientation1544 Words   |  7 Pagesand controversy as sexual orientation. In cultures and societies today, as well as in the past, there is usually an emphasis on a specific orientation as a norm, and typically heterosexuality is perceived as such. This in turn generates a wide range of reaction to homosexuality, from its being seen as â€Å"unnatural† in moral terms, to ideas of it as threatening the stability of a culture. In recent years, however, new perspectives are emerging which strongly support t hat sexual orientation is by no

A Brief Note On Copyright And Remix Culture - 1777 Words

How to Not Follow Copyright Law: An Exploratory Essay on Copyright and Remix Culture As time goes by, the rate at which art changes increases at a seemly exponential rate. Our culture has more ways than ever to publish and distribute the things we make, and with the rise of the internet we can reach any audience with a Wi-Fi connection. This digital hyper-connectivity has led many artists to create new forms of art, some of which have gone on to start trends and cultures. One of these cultures that has become a significant part of online media is Remix Culture. The idea of taking someone else’s art and making it your own is embraced and cherished by some, and detested by others. As this genre of media has grown over the years, the line between what is and isn’t a remix has drastically blurred. Some will spend hours upon hours making a song sound completely different from its original counterpart, while others will simply chop it up and call it their own. Though laws were once effective when dealing with copyright infringement, the rate art has grown has significantly surpassed the rate at which these laws have changed. People are beginning to monetize their remixes in various ways, creating much controversy surrounding who should be getting paid, or if anyone should get paid at all. As artists, it is important to know what these laws are exactly, so we can either abide by them or find our own workarounds. As soon as a work is created in a tangible, fixed form, it is

Threats Independence and Possible Remedies

Question: Discuss about the Threats Independence and Possible Remedies. Answer: Introduction The company is require from the auditor to promote the business of the company in the seminar where number of investors comes and if the auditor promotes the business, the company will get more investment from the different persons coming in the seminar. The company Chief of the management CEO also states that if the auditor thinks of denying this act, there may be high chances that the company will not continue with the same auditor in next year. This situation creates the financial insecurity in the auditor minds and threats of intimidation have been created in this situation by the executives of the company. This threat shows that undue influential power has been creating on the auditor acts by management of the company which can spoil the objectivity of the auditor. The assessment of the threat can do with altitude of objectivity drop by the auditor in performance of the promotional activity (Edwin, 2015). The company is planning to give free holiday package of 14 days for the auditor and four members of the family of the auditor. The holiday package also includes the ticketing, food, accommodation expenses of the auditor and family members. The company has given this advantage to the auditor in consideration of smooth audit for the year 2015 without any extra queries from the auditor. The company wants to create the threat of Self Interest in this particular case as the auditor may feel of ignoring the certain key matters in making favor to the management of the company for giving free gift voucher to the auditor. The risk in this case can be estimated by the intensity of the self interest created in the minds of auditor for returning favor to the management of the LTH Company (Barizah, 2016). Personal Relation of Auditor The auditor Michael has personally related with the Chief Finance Controller of the LTH Company. The father of the audit team manner is the main person in the finance function of the company and wholly responsible for the preparation and presentation of the financial statements of the LTH Company. There is threat of Familiarity has been identified in this case. The auditor or the management officer can take advantage of this relationship by hiding some key financial matters in audit report or in the financial statements. The risk can be apprised by the intensity of the integrity lost by the auditor along with professional due care not followed by auditor (UK, 2013). The accounting and consultancy team member of the audit firm has been appointed as assurance team member to do the audit of the same client LTH. The member also informed that she has very good relationship with the employees of the company and she is very happy to go again in the company. The accounting and tax entries has been done by her before one month. There is threat of Self Review present in this situation where the audit has to assess her own work by doing audit of her work. The auditor may not done the detailed testing of the work done by her as she has the impression that work done was done by her is fully correct and she does not require to recheck the same. The threat can be appraised in this situation with altitude of the services done by the same person for audit and accounting and also the intensity of not following the professional due care at the time audit by audit staff (Parker, 2015). Shelter for Auditor from Recognized Threates Corporation Act, 2001 and Australian Auditing Standards suggest the shelter measures which an auditor should apply to prevent his independence while doing reporting about the company. The auditor has following protective measures to cover the threats and reduces their impact on the reporting: Protection as per Engagement Letter- The engagement letter of the auditor which contains the terms and conditions and responsibilities of the auditor and management helps the auditor to safeguard him from the threats which can spoil independence. These includes: Detailed bifurcation of scope of work in relation to the audit and non audit services helps the auditor to appoint different personnel for doing these two services. The full disclosures of the fees and terms of the engagement creating a satisfaction in the minds of the auditor about the financial security making him to do work more professionally with full professional competence and due care. Disclosure of interest in the company or relations with officers of the company in the engagement letter makes the auditor free from the liability for damages and with free mind auditor can do audit. Protection as Auditing Standards and Laws The different auditing standards and acts and statutes provides the auditor, the measures to prevent integrity and objectivity of the auditor. These includes: Peer review of the work of the auditor to be done after certain intervals to assess any deficiency is there in the audit procedures so that in future risk can be avoided The work should be done by using the professional skepticism as laid in the ethical auditing principles Complaint forums for auditor if the client is making undue influence on the auditor for not reporting certain things. Introduction of ASA 701, where the auditor has power to save himself by reporting any suspicious matter as key audit matter in his report (Livine, 2015). Risks In Business Risks has been defined as the potentiality or probability of having the happening of an uncertain event which can either lead to the massive losses or may either lead to profits. Because of the presences of this definition the risk has been defined as an integral and the inherent part of every business. It may be either manufacturing business or trading business or even the business of providing consultancy business. Therefore, every business men before undertaking any business shall consider the type of risks associated with the business. In the given situation the Company Mining Supplies limited have been purchasing from the overseas suppliers United States of America, United Kingdom and China since the formation of the company and many risks have been faced by the company since then but still have been working but from the auditor point of view following are the major business risks on which the company shall rethink and develop the corrective measures and procedures: Foreign Currency Exposure The Company has been purchasing from the overseas suppliers from United States of America, United Kingdom and China. In case of all the three suppliers the company has been facing the major risk of currency exposure. It is because of the fact that the exchange rate keep on fluctuating on the daily basis and sometimes it goes on such higher level which can even erode the profit margins of the company (Imrie, 2011). In the global financial crisis starting from the year 2009, many businesses have come down to closure of their companies only because of the fact of fluctuations in the currency exchange rate. Lack of Warranty to the Customers The Company has been selling the goods to the consumers on the premise that there will be two year warranty for any spare parts of the equipment but has not provided the warranty for the main equipment which is being sold to the customers (EY, 2016). It is because of the fact that the company itself is not receiving the same from the suppliers located at United States of America, United Kingdom and China. Due to this the company may face the situation of the severe loss of customers and reputation in the market and in case in order to retain the customers the company may provide for immediate replacement of the equipment in case any manufacturing defect comes and thus leading to losses to the company. Thus, the above two business risks shall be considered by the auditor while making or drafting the audit for the financial year ending 2015. Following two audit risks has been defined for each business risk identified: Control Risk This risk has been defined in the first part of foreign currency exposure. It will remain in the system of the company because of the fact that the foreign currency exposure cannot be minimized because of the fact that the company has been purchasing from the suppliers located at the different parts of the world. The same shall be considered by the auditor in planning the audit and shall prepare the audit accordingly. Secondly, the hedging procedures shall be checked as the part of audit of any done by the company. The account balances that have been affected by this kind of risk is foreign exchange fluctuation account, suppliers account and purchase account. (Long, 2015). Inherent Risk - This has been identified in the second part of the business risks which details with the lack of warranty for the main equipment. The company shall provide the warranty to the customers otherwise the business will get closed as the customers will lose faith in the company. It has been referred to as the inherent risk because of the fact that the said default is inherent in the nature of business and it cannot be mitigated. The account balances that may be affected by these risks are provision for warranty, Warranty cost and replacement cost and the value of closing stock as on date. (Becker, 2015) References Barizah N, (2016), Threats to Auditor Independence, available at https://www.academia.edu/260449/Threats_to_Auditor_Independence accessed on27/04/2017. Edwin M, (2015), Analysis of Threats to Auditor Independence and Available Safeguards against those threats, available at https://www.academia.edu/9406967/THREATS_TO_AUDITORS_INDEPENDENCE accessed on 26/04/2017 Livine G, (2015), Threats to Auditor Independence and Possible Remedies, available on https://www.financepractitioner.com/auditing-best-practice/threats-to-auditor-independence-and-possible-remedies?full accessed on 27/04/2017. Parker A, (2015), 6 Key Threat to Auditor Independence, available on https://www.intheblack.com/articles/2015/01/06/6-key-threats-to-auditor-independence accessed on 27/04/2017. UK Essays, (2013), Threat To Auditor Independence Accounting Essay. Available at https://www.uniassignment.com/essay-samples/accounting/threat-to-auditor-independence-accounting-essay.php?cref=1 Accessed on 26/04/2017 Becker E, (2015), Audit Risk vs. Business Risk, available at https://www.osyb.com/blog/small-business/audit-risk-vs-business-risk/ accessed on 21/05/2017 EY, (2016), Top 10 Business Risks, available at https://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/EY-business-risks-in-mining-and-metals-2016-2017/%24FILE/EY-business-risks-in-mining-and-metals-2016-2017.pdf accessed on 21/05/2017 Imrie B, (2011), Business Risks facing the Mining Industry, available at https://www.in.kpmg.com/SecureData/ACI/Files/Top_20_Risks_the_Mining_Industry.pdf accessed at 21/05/2017

Sydney symphony orchestra Essay Example

Sydney symphony orchestra Essay Through segmenting the Coos general environment framework, and conducting an environmental analysis outlining Porters five forces model of competition an educated prediction Is concluded. The general environment Is a collection of dimensions influencing an industry and the firms within it (Hanson et al, 2014 p. 38). These dimension are made up of the Demographic, Economic, Political, Socio-cultural, Technological and Global, all of which heavily impact the SO. The political dimension of the SO is strongly correlated with the large amount of support by the government through heavy funding. The economic environment of SO Is positive, having Hanson et al. 2014 p. 421). Apart from government funding, 65% of the revenue earned by the SO was generated through profits. The Socio-cultural and demographic dimensions on the other hand, are inevitably linked with the location of Sydney and its unique features. Sydney is often regarded as one of the most livable cities in the world possessing a large population of 4. 5 million. The residents are economically well off, enjoying a high per capita Income with a large middle class who are able to afford expensive Inner city housing. A ticket to a SO concert Is ricer between $50 and $71, and is considered affordable for many. Technology another segment of the general environment, has heavily impacted the profitability of music with websites such as Youth and Pirate Bay offering free music on demand. Thus, reducing the incentive for people to pay for live concerts, as recorded music is free and readily available. However, technology has opened up new mediums in which the SO can utilities to reach larger audiences. We will write a custom essay sample on Sydney symphony orchestra specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sydney symphony orchestra specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sydney symphony orchestra specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Porters five forces model of competition provides additional Insight Into the music Industry, contributing to the verbal understanding of the future prospects for the SO. This model allows long- term profitability of any industry to be understood through the diagnostics of five forces (Porter, 1 998, p. 14). Firstly, new entrants pose threats to existing market share, therefore product differentiation is a vital tool, which evidently is utilized by the SO as they only employ the very best first-rate musicians. In the music Industry, it Is important to also consider substitute products such as live pop and rock concerts, existing to music at home, online music videos, and many other forms of replacement, which may be a cheaper option to attending the orchestra. Additionally, the power of suppliers also affects the music industry as an increase in costs such as venue and instruments may reduce profitability. Another key factor is the degree of rivalry among firms. In this industry, it is the rivalry between the SO and other et al. (201 1), intense rivalries are common when an industry has many companies. As there are numerous chamber groups in Sydney that supply the same type of music s the SO, it can be argued that the intensity of rivalry strong within this industry. Buyers in the music industry can easily access different types of live music without incurring high switching costs. On the contrary, the SO are renowned for their quality and the unique experience provided is not considered easily substitutable. When analyzing the general environment and the industry surrounding the SO a strong survival in the future is expected. This is evidently portrayed, through a strong general environment, particularly, a sturdy economic position. However, technological advancements pose a threat to the music industry as a whole, potentially having a negative impact on the profitability of the SO in the future. However, technological development may provide opportunities the SO can utilities. When exploring Porters five forces model of competition, a competitive industry sector is elucidated. This is as a result of the numerous chamber orchestras and other live performers in Sydney. Also, it is clear, the bargaining power of buyers is relatively strong.

Mothers are better parents Essays

Mothers are better parents Essays Mothers are better parents Essay Mothers are better parents Essay Mothers are more attuned Both parents can be equally good parents but overall, I do think mothers are a lot more attuned and responsive. It makes sense because they bear the child during pregnancy for nine months in their bodies! So you certainly feel the child already so close on that level. Something a father can never have and get. The mother knows the temperament of the baby even before It Is born. After the baby Is born she spends all day and night feeding, changing diaper, putting baby to sleep, playing tit baby. So there is more experience and learning about baby that helps Inform mom about how to raise this particular child. Like what works what dont. What the child Likes and dont like. Also women are generally more relationship and emotionally oriented. This helps with providing emotional support and teaching social skills to child. Women also have a biological Instinct. Fathers can sleep through a crying baby but mothers dont. I strongly believe that mothers are better than fathers because they are more ND spend more time with the kids and when the mothers hatch you like an egg you would know they love you more than anyone in the world they know how to look after you and protect you from other people by defeating. In conclusion mothers are better because they are looking after you gently not like the fathers just taking after you and Just go run off someone else leaving you out alone with no one else wit you and when your parents get divorced your mum would look after you way better than father .

Can Human-Animal Chimeras Aid Medical Researches

Can Human-Animal Chimeras Aid Medical Researches Chapter 1 The Science behind the Biotechnology Chimeras rely on stem cells and their ability to differentiate into the necessary cells needed by the body. It is this feature of stem cells that allow scientist to culture tissue samples and eventually produce transplantable organs. The procuration of stem cells is the subject of a controversial argument as the methodologies of some variations raises several moral and ethical issues. Human Embryonic Stem Cells (hESCs) As the name suggests, this form of stem cells are derived from human embryos. Contrary to popular belief, these cells are not obtained from eggs fertilised inside a womans body; the embryos are usually donated for research purposes by In Vitro Fertilisation Clinics, with the consent of the donors. The embryos are then suspended in a culture medium ,mirroring similar conditions to that of a mothers womb, allowing the embryo to divide into a mass of cells known as the blastocyst. The cells within the blastocyst are usually referred to as totipotent stem cells. It is here that the first ethical issue arises. The beginning of life is said to be conception or fertilisation therefore this method of obtaining stem cells can be considered as taking a life without its consent. (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2016) Another limitation of hESCs includes carcinogenic risk when the culture medium is altered in order to induce differentiation of stem cells to form specialised cells such as: heart cells, lungs cells, liver cells and nerve cells. If the wrong mix of proteins or hormones are added to the stem cells theres a potential risk of mutation of DNA resulting in the production of cancerous or faulty cells. Conversely, hESCs are more accepted in the scientific community as the production of it can be done at lower cost with much more efficient differentiation and the cells produced are within a suitable HLA spectrum. [1] (Pappas, 2008) Parthenote Stem Cells It is possible however to bypass the ethical and moral issues that hESCs present, as these issues only arise if the cell is post-fertilisation. Therefore, if stem cells are extracted from an unfertilised egg, then arguably life which begins at conception or fertilisation, has not yet begun, making the use of the stem cells less controversial. However, the ethical implications have not been bypassed altogether, as it can still be argued that stem cells from unfertilised eggs do still have the potential to make a living individual. Parthenogenesis[2] allows for the egg cell to be activated without the need for a sperm. Parthenogenetic embryos will develop to the blastocyst stage and so can serve as a source of embryonic stem cells. Parthenogenetic Embryonic Stem Cells (pESCs) have been shown to have the properties of self-renewal and the capacity to generate cell derivatives from the three germ layers, confirmed by contributions to chimeric animals (Department of Animal Science, Michig an State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA, 2006) Induced Pluripotent stem cells The process behind iPSCs was a big medical breakthrough as it allowed somatic (body) cells to be reprogrammed into regenerative cells. The formation of iPSCs require the donor to undergo shave or punch biopsies, this procedure can be done under local anesthetic and is minimally invasive so the procuration of the adult cells poses no moral or ethical predicaments. The induction of pluripotency in adult somatic cells via proteins, will produce genetical and immune-histocompatibility matches thus, lowering the chance of rejection (if used for transplantation), this also reduces the need for the patient to take immunosuppressant which can result in a compromised immune response. But this form of stem cells comes with its disadvantages, as it is a new concept the cost of production is high. Therefore this process in its current state of development is economically viable for a large population size. Furthermore, the mechanisms behind how the reprogramming factors work are unknown, this pr esents the chances of mutagenesis[3], oncogene activation risk[4], and retroviral gene delivery[5] (Pappas, 2008) Chapter 2 Potential Uses of Animal-Human Chimeras in Therapeutics Vaccinations As of 2015, there are 36.7 million people living with HIV as per WHO and UNAIDS. (WHO, 2016). The field of vaccines for diseases such as Hepatitis-B and HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) have taken a heavy toll in developing countries and have faced major failures. In the hopes of improving the current situation. Human-animal chimeras, developed with a humanized immune system could be useful to study infectious diseases, including many neglected diseases. These would also serve as an important tool for the efficient testing of new vaccine candidates to streamline promising candidates for further trials in humans. (Bhan, et al., 2010). Human hematopoietic stem cells, or in laymans terms, bone marrow cells, have the unique capacity of engrafting, greatly expanding, and repopulating immunodeficient mice, with virtually all different types of human immune cells; as shown by the image above. Humanized mouse models are produced via transplantation of CD34+ stem cells and/or implantation of human tissue into immunodeficient mice. Depending on whether tissue or CD34+ cells are used and the strain of mouse, this results in mice which have a part or a complete human immune system. (Garcia, 2016) This xenografted[6] mouse is then used as a disease model[7]. This allows scientists to better understand the mechanisms behind the disease, which results in a more efficient treatment plan for those who suffer from. Hepatitis-B. Another disease model being used are primates, these are considered to be the most accurate as we share a common ancestor. Additionally, primates have the closest metabolic conditions to humans. When this model was injected with HIV-1 (via IV), HIV-2 (via vagina) and SIV (via rectum) the results were advantageous as they provided useful information for vaccine and therapeutic studies. However, the cost of producing this model is very high and raises many moral and ethical concerns; furthermore, despite having some genetic similarities, primates do have different cellular and molecular markers and the time and course of infection could vary. Chimeras are also benefiting the treatment of Japanese encephalitis. This disease is a type of viral brain infection thats spread through mosquito bites, commonly found in South-East Asia. Although theres no cure for Japanese encephalitis, it can be prevented through vaccination, which is usually only available privately (NHS, 2016). A recently developed vaccine, which is an animal-human chimera which is a mouse brain-derived, inactivated JE vaccine (MBV). In order to evaluate its efficacy case controlled studies were carried out. A randomized double-blinded study conducted in northern Thailand, using JE MBV produced in Thailand, yielded an overall effectiveness of 91%. Another trial in Taiwan revealed an effectiveness of approximately 85% when two or more doses were administered. The effectiveness of the JE vaccine in Northern Vietnam was 92.9% efficacious. (Marks, et al., 2012). Control disease progression Another therapeutic use of animal-human chimeras is the development of drugs to aid in the treatment of known diseases.The drug called Rituximab, is a chimeric antibody which means it contains portions of both human and mouse antibodies mixed together. The drug was licensed in 1997 for the treatment of NHL (Non-Hodgkins lymphoma)-a form of cancer which causes B-cells to mutate and divide abnormally. The drug targets the CD20 receptor on B-cells as this receptor is located on the surface of the cell and it doesnt mutate, move inside the cell or fall off in the life cycle of the B-cell. The drug contains the variable domain of the mouse antibody, the portion that specifically binds CD20, along with the constant domain of human antibody, the portion that recruits other components of the immune system to the target-the B-cells and so after it is administered, and a large number of tumour cells are immediately destroyed and eliminated from the body. Rituximab is also used to treat advanced rheumatoid arthritis and it has also been part of anti-rejection treatments for kidney transplants (both involve B cells). The disadvantage only that the mouse antibody was unsuitable for direct use in humans and clinical trial results varied, likely due to the differing sizes of tumors between the patients, (Speaking of Research, 2017) Chapter 3 Potential Uses of Animal-Human Chimeras in Surgery The demand for organ transplantation has rapidly increased all over the world due to the increased incidence of vital organ failure. However, the unavailability of adequate organs for transplantation procedures to meet this growing demand has resulted in a major organ crisis. In 2014, 429 patients died while on the waiting list for an organ transplant- thats up to 3 patients a day. (Knapton, 2015). Currently, the government plan on changing the organ donation system to an opt out system, which hopes to promote organ donation and increase the availability of organs. The opt-out system presumes the donors consent unless the individual expresses a refusal to become a potential donor- allowing the donor to make a free choice (Abouna, 2008). As well as increasing obtainability of organs, it also increases the likelihood of more organs found within a suitable HLA spectrum. (Department of Health and Social Care and Cabinet Office, 2017). But it can be argued that this system of obtaining organs is seen as unfair as majority of organ donors must be recently deceased (excluding kidney donors) therefore the longevity of one persons life is at the cause of anothers death. (World Health Organisation, 2005) To prevent this choice being made, alternative solutions are being developed in order to aid the organ crisis-one of them being animal-human chimeras. Current research on stem cells have shown that they can differentiate into different cell types but cannot effectively produce usable tissues and organs as a culture medium cannot replicate the growth of an organ in a body. A recent breakthrough by the (Salk Institute of Biological Research, 2017) shows a pig-human chimera, which would be capable of making human organs. The research began by creating an interspecies chimera[8] consisting of a rat and mouse. They used a gene editing technology known as CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) to turn off the gene that makes the pancreas. They then inserted rat iPSCs which contained a pancreas gene into the mouse embryo. The result, when implanted into surrogate mouse mothers, was a fully developed mouse with a growing rat pancreas. This concept was then mirrored using pigs embryos and human stem cells; as pigs have similar organ sizes and developmental timescales as humans. Although this experiment had to be halted at 4 weeks of development due to ethical issues and the lack of consent- as the experiment was designed to prove it was possible, not to produce a human organ-we can safely assume that, if the development of the pig was allowed to continue, the pig would have a whole human organ inside it. Theoretically, this concept can then be implemented, producing specific human organs, eliminating the wait for a human donor and reducing the risk of organ rejection. Chapter 4 Potential Uses of Animal-Human Chimeras in Disease Modelling Scientific research is not always accepted as they require the use of controversial methods to obtain the necessary results. The methodologies behind creating chimeras have ethical and moral dilemmas primarily due to the use of animals. There is a large emphasis on animal welfare, although the use of animals as chimeras or in general medical research is considered very valuable as they help the medical community to better under the effects of treatments (drugs or otherwise) on living organisms. The matter still finds itself to be the subject of a very heated debate; as those opposing the use of animals animal rights extremists and anti-vivisectionist groups-believe that animal experimentation is unnecessary and cruel regardless of its benefits ergo the opposition want total abolition of animal research and if the majority supports this view then there will be severe consequences for scientific research. (Festing Wilkinson, 2007) On the other hand, the UK has gone further than most countries in regards to the ethical framework by introducing the Animals (Scientific Procedure) Act 1986 which regulates the use of animal research. Along with this, there is more and more public awareness as polls run by Ipsos MORI state that in 2005 64% of the population agreed with the use of animals in research if the research objectives are important and the animals experience minimal suffering and all alternatives are considered. (Department for Business Freeman, 2014) Another bioethical view that must be considered is `whether we treat the chimeras as animals or human? this arises as some chimeras require the altering of cognitive capacities. The chimeras are to be used to develop a better understanding of diseases such as Parkinsons and Dementia which affect 850 000 people every year (Anon., 2014) Unfortunately, the research is very slow due to moral views as some people regard this form experimentation a violation of human dignity and the order of nature as well as, the initial disagreement of using chimeras in the first place. (Hermern, 2015) Opportunely, there is some support for the use of animal-human chimeras as previous medical techniques that are widely accepted today allow the use of porcine, bovine and equine biological heart valves are implanted in those with cardiac valve dysfunction. Moreover, insulin extracted from porcine pancreas is routinely used with those with diabetes. And so, the prospect of a pig carrying a pancreas or liver of human origin should be justifiable. (Bourret, et al., 2016) Alternatives A lesser conventional view is the alternatives to chimeras, these methods do not require the use of animals to carry out medical research, which hopefully, should eliminate bioethical arguments. The issue that arises with this is the efficiency and viability of the results. The alternatives to chimeras include cell cultures, human tissues and computer models. Almost all cell types can be recreated in laboratory conditions and these can be coaxed to grow into 3D structures- miniature organs. Cell cultures have also been used to create `organs-on-chips which can be used to study disease mechanisms, as well as, drug metabolism. This form biotechnology has already managed to mimic the heart, lungs and kidneys. The goal is to be able to this for all organ systems. The idea is already aided in the development in the production of vaccines, and drug testing on top of aided research in the study of cancers, sepsis and AIDS. Human tissues can be donated by both healthy and diseased volunteers through surgeries such as biopsies, cosmetic surgery and transplants or via post mortem- such as brain tissue from a patient with Multiple Sclerosis to help better understand a large variety of diseases furthermore the tissues can make more effective models than through chimeras as they will contain only human DNA thus providing a more relevant way of studying human biology. Finally, computer models can be used to create virtual experiments based on existing information. Models of the musculoskeletal systems, heart, lungs etc. already exist. Inopportunely, this method isnt as effective as testing in vivo as the concept is very theoretical. (Anon., n.d.)

Critical Skills of Senior Executive Assistants Case Study

Critical Skills of Senior Executive Assistants - Case Study Example Most employers were from colleges, universities and other academic institutions, with average earnings of $44680. Becoming an executive assistant one requires to have some educational credentials to succeed in the dynamic business market. Some common courses include typing, computer applications, business law, records and information management, office administration and business communication. Table of Contents 2 parts Advertisement done with log for the financial review in Sydney and a case study report 1 Executive summary 1 Table of Contents 2 Introduction 3 Critical Skills of Senior Executive Assistants 3 Writing Skills 3 Project Management Skills 4 Financial Skills 5 Benefits, salary, and salary packaging options 6 Salary Trends 6 Conclusion 7 Bibliography 9 Introduction An executive assistant plays a crucial role in an organisation. In the ever changing business environment, it is the executive assistant’s job to assist the key decision maker to stay focused, effective a nd a better leader. The key skills of this position are excellent communication, creativity and ability to work independently (Yukl, 1998; Zeng, 2011, pp 2 –93; Priem, 1994, pp 421–437). ... cruit an office manager, this position has three direct officers; the receptionist and two administrative staff (Scarborough, & Zimmerer,2006;Shimek & Wen,2008). Critical Skills of Senior Executive Assistants In the ever changing office environment, the critical skills required of an effective senior executive assistant is communication. How the incumbent interacts with peers and other decision makers is paramount on how ideas exchange across the organisation. Other vital skills are interpersonal effectiveness, project management skills, financial planning abilities, and effective writing skills (Torrington & Hall, 2004, pp. 205; Drew, 2007, pp359-369). Writing Skills Effective writing skills are particularly essential for an office manager to put the right words on paper quickly. Therefore, they must be able to communicate more clearly, concisely and persuasively. Words matter and an effective office assistant must learn, develop and enhance how to use them. The key areas that requi re effective principle of writing are: successful correspondence, message shaping, writing to the point, avoiding writing traps, diplomacy and politics, refining the writing and managing minutes in a meeting (Eije ,2006; Eisenhardt,1989, pp 57-7; Fan, Wong, & Zhang,2007, pp 330-357). Communication Skills An outstanding executive assistant should possess soft skills and abilities to maximise appropriate communication skills for personal and professional potential. The positive traits needed include; self awareness, personal openness, conflict handling, frustration and stress control, assertiveness and making commitments to development. Appropriate communication skills are key to developing a positive image, giving and receiving feedback, presenting ideas with confidence and clarity.

Different Moral Standards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Different Moral Standards - Essay Example They took advantage of the changing social norms and values. Since women were entering employment, they believed that they could sell packaged food very well. GMC was concerned only with increasing profits and this was communicated to the Pillsbury-Green Giant Group. Green Giant would have to relocate to Mexico in order to ensure profits. Pillsbury accepted the deal against a payment. In this case, the moral standards of three groups differ with each other and the fourth to be considered is that of the local people of Mexico. It is difficult for Green Giant not to take any action because of remaining passive they would be harming the interests of the stakeholders. The conflict has to be understood and resolved by all parties involved. The goal of GMC was profiting no matter how it was achieved. They were least concerned if the personal values of any group would have to be compromised with. They valued profits and they could apply the management style of ‘light but firm hand on the throat’ to achieve this end. Using this style would not make them feel guilty of committing a wrong. This clearly demonstrates that they give priority to profits over any other values. The goals of Giant Green had to undergo a change to swim along with the demands of the new company. The cultural and religious traditions of both the groups differ which affects the decision making process. GMC is a British company while Green Giant has its roots in Minnesota and California. Since the economic situation of GMC had deteriorated, they were willing to compromise on their values as this gained priority. Thus an ethical solution becomes imperative which causes the least harm and maximum good to the different groups of people involved in this case. The goal of Green Giant-Pillsbury was to maximize profits but their norms differed. The values of the executives of the Pillsbury group differed from the GMC.  

My Personal Philosophy of Education Essay -- Teaching Progressivism Ca

My Personal Philosophy of Education "Some people make things happen, some watch while things happen, and some wonder ‘what happened?’ Which type of person are you?" author unknown. There have been times in my life in which I have sat back and watched things happen. I often wondered why they happened. I now realize that it is important to be a leader. Effective teachers need to take charge and make things happen. I am becoming a teacher to make things happen and not sit back and let them happen as I used to do. This is very important for a teacher to realize. I will take charge and make wonderful things happen in my classroom. Teachers immensely influence children’s lives. In my entire school experience I have found that teachers can make a difference in the lives of every child. I admire all teachers for their hard work and determination. I have seen students who, without the teacher’s love and guidance, would have missed out on so many opportunities. I chose to become a teacher to help those children less fortunate than others to look at themselves as worthy individuals. My father has been a constant source of encouragement in my life. He is a teacher at my local high school. He cares about his students, giving extra help to those who need it, and recognition to all students, not just over achievers. I have seen the hard work, long hours, and emotional stress that he goes through every day. Despite all of the difficult aspects, he enjoys his job. At the end of the school year as he sees his students achieve beyond the goals he has set, he is proud of each student and all of the pri or frustration was well worth it. He is the reason I chose to become a teacher. His teaching strategies are ones that I hope t... ... is the responsibility of the teacher to instill in these children the knowledge they need to be productive in the world. In today’s society it is important for children to have good role models. I believe teachers should be proper role models for everyone in the community. Teaching is one of the toughest jobs in the working world. It takes hard work, determination, much effort, and time to be an effective teacher. I believe I have these qualities and am prepared to keep practicing them in my classroom. The great Mortimer Adler, a father of perennialism, said "In the case of good books, the point is not how many of them you can get through, but rather how many can get through to you." I believe the same principle exists in regards to teaching. It doesn’t matter how many teachers a student has, what is important is how that teacher gets through to each student.

Humor within Leadership Theory Essay

The key to the success of any venture is strong leadership (Howe 1994). Courage, vision, and humor are key ingredients in the formula for success. Service to the community or communities also plays a critical role in the development of leadership potential. The importance of humor in this model is fundamental. Every leader has some selfdoubt, but using humor and spiritual authenticity to overcome self-doubt will lead to success and prosperity. And what is said for leaders also can be said for those who are led. Muslim humor is famous all over the Western world. There is an almost endless number of collections, anthologies, and treasuries of Muslim humor, bulging with tens of thousands of Muslim jokes and anecdotes. That the humor of every ethnic group mirrors its conditions of life, its economic, political, and social circumstances, its position vis-a-vis other population groups, is so self-evident that it needs but passing mention. What is perhaps not so apparent is that the jokes, the anecdotes, and the other manifestations of humor are keys to understanding the life of the people in question and can serve as peepholes through which we can look into otherwise hidden corners of existence. As far as muslim communities are concerned, treasuries of Muslim humor can and should be used, and humor should be applied to make the West more likable and admired by the young muslim communities of the world. The techniques and strategies of humor are equally relevant at several levels of living systems, as well as between levels. Thus, the study of humor in multicultural society is interdisciplinary and is becoming a discipline in its own right. The current work is toward methods of negotiation with humor in which the objectives are to obtain a more cooperative long-term relationship and a more rewarding substantive outcome for young muslim communities. Muslim humor is second to no other product of the Muslim mind in revealing the mental state of the Muslims in any given place and at any given time. Whether it contains selfcriticism, directing its barbs at a Muslim group from which the humorist wishes to distance himself, or whether it compares the Muslims and the Gentiles, most often to the latter’s detriment, the Muslim joke is a manifestation of Muslim thinking and feeling about the in-group and various categories of out-groups. For example, the actor Sasha Cohen in the movie Borat makes young muslims laugh by making fun of Israel, despite him being Muslim himself. It would be ridiculous to pretend that none of the people who found Sasha Cohen funny were laughing at him for the wrong reasons. Some would have been laughing at what they took to be his imitation, others at one further remove, were probably laughing at the black parts of his monstrous hybrid. They laughed louder and longer because he revealed it to be alien, eccentric, and absurd in its snobbery, stupidity, and perverse attachment to numerous forms of destructive hierarchy-class, race, religion. Those dismal qualities were not being exposed from the outside by a stranger but explored from the inside in a daring act of patriotic love. That laughter does not intersperse loathing and self-hatred with manic elation. It helps instead to cultivate the everyday, ordinary virtue involved in managing healthier relationships with otherness that are not deformed by fear, anxiety, and violence. The most powerful weapon for creative mind stretching and therefore for reconstruction is humor, especially when it is self-directed rather than outward bound. Humor directed at another serves to break the lifelong habits of a sickly (symbiotic) relationship between people. Self-directed humor is a real mind healer: By flooding the anxious mind with grotesquely exaggerated fears, it banishes phobias and obsessions. In general, it drastically corrects in the mind and in behavior habitual neurotic (self-sabotaging and destructive) patterns. Humor is a technique involves any action one take to cause the proposals, ideas, or values of another to be rejected in favor of own by getting group members to laugh at, ridicule, or scorn the other person’s proposals (Duncan, 1990). Rationalization is founded on trust and respect, and if respect is lost, so too is much of power. While power may abhor a vacuum, it equally abhors scorn. Without respect, dominance cannot be maintained. Getting others to laugh at or denigrate in any way the proposals of others that one oppose is another way to exercise power in the organization. Perhaps the ultimate in withdrawal of consent is laughter. Nyberg (1981) proposes that laughter, not revolution, is more common in overthrowing a regime. Authority fears rejection more than any other threat to its legitimacy. Especially in informal organizations, if the leader loses the respect of the fellows he or she is incapable of securing their compliance in even nominal organizational transactions. Humor is a motivated process of communication between living systems with the goal of reaching agreement about certain joint or reciprocal acts. These acts may involve management of conflict, exchange of resources, or cooperation on actions directed at the mutual environment. Behavior within a system is normally regulated by the template of that system. Internal conflict may indicate a need to amend the template. Humor can be used to modify the template so as to remove the source of conflict. For instance, when negotiation occurs between components or subsystems of a system, as in talks to manage conflict between two divisions of a corporation, the resulting humor may modify the template with respect to the roles and required behavior of the divisions. Three general stances facilitate reflexive humor: not-knowing, curious, and collaborative. They provide a way for individuals to explore, express, and share the views and meanings of situations that, otherwise, can drive them apart. Let us examine each in turn. Not-knowing Stance This stance involves taking the nonexpert position of not knowing. Taking this stance encourages humor by levelling the hierarchies of position and knowledge. While hierarchies exist in all organizations, emphasizing them discourages humor; deemphasizing them encourages humor. Reflexive humor emphasizes equal participation rather than hierarchical power, thereby bringing about a shift from hierarchy to collaboration. Humor is characterized by content and relationship aspects. We all are aware of the content aspect of communication – the information that a message is intended to convey. The egalitarian ethic of reflexive humor eliminates the positions of hierarchy and power in the humor. A not-knowing stance conveys the message that everyone is equally qualified to generate ideas, opinions, and perspectives about a situation or a problem. This means that the manager enters into the dialogue without any preconceived notions or ideas. The not-knowing stance also encourages listeners to attend to both the â€Å"outer† humor of others as well as to their own â€Å"inner† humor. This egalitarian approach encourages each participant to contribute to the mutual exploration of ideas. Curious Stance The curious stance simply means that one expresses one’s ideas in a funny manner. A dogmatic or assertive expression of ideas often hinders the creative process, but a comic mode of expression encourages others to take, leave, or develop ideas at will without vesting or territoriality. This climate encourages the free exchange of ideas on their own merit and without threat of penalty. Taking this stance helps to multiply varying perspectives on a problem and, naturally, leads to an evolved solution. A final advantage is that emergent solutions are usually not only the best thought-out and most fitting but also explored and designed by the individuals who will implement them. Collaborative Stance This stance is the result of the two preceding stances. The shared perspectives, ideas, and meanings contributed by the conversants evolve into common knowledge. This process filters many levels of perceptions and triggers deep involvement among participants making possible the co-construction of a jointly-owned outcome. They bring about better understanding among individuals whose culture and gender may create varying perceptions of the same reality. There is nothing simple about dealing with diversity. Diversity is one of the most complex and refracted areas of management because it involves the intimacy of the self with the impersonality. The first step in implementing reflexive humor in university setting is to form small, voluntary, diverse groups. Participants can come from either the same class or a variety of divisions. There are only two rules for membership in the group – commitment and confidentiality. One quickly comes to realize that the premises and stances of reflexive humor are not part of normal communication repertoire. People have learned to function in the hierarchical worlds of home, school, and, the university. In these settings they do not always relate to one another on an egalitarian basis. Much less accepted is the practice of communicating with others, whether colleagues or superiors, from a curious or not-knowing stance. Furthermore, assuming a collaborative stance in their dealings with one another is not an everyday occurrence either. One achieves competence in reflexive humor through learnable skills that require practice. One trains individuals in reflexive humor by introducing each premise and stance and allowing time for practice. The individual being trained acquires the command of one skill before moving on to the next. It may be difficult to begin the training by talking about diversity issues. To create a conducive climate, groups might begin by discussing study-related or other relatively neutral matters because such topics are more familiar and potentially less explosive. Reflexive humor is a general theory that lends itself to any communication context. Therefore, in any setting or on any topic, the process of reflexive humor will evoke multiple points of view and generate mutual self-awareness for the participants. Jointly concentrating on common tasks is an excellent way to begin diversity training. With practice, the process of reflexive humor will engender a sense of trust among its participants. The structure of reflexive humor creates an environment wherein participants can freely exchange their views and, eventually, communicate with one another on deeper and more meaningful levels. Trust and synergy. †¢ Trust reduces the amount of time and energy wasted in suspicion and politics. This time and effort can therefore be better deployed on added-value activities that help to deliver the purpose and vision. †¢ When trust, competence and alignment come together we can achieve synergy, and unlock high performance. †¢ To develop into an attuned team the members of the group have to be able to trust each other. Reflexive humor is a new approach to face-to-face communication. It offers a process by which one can access the uniqueness of each individual as well as each individual’s cultural paradigm. Through this approach, individuals can better generate information and co-construct those mutual realities that lead to enhanced problem solving. Reflexive humor is particularly useful to individuals from different cultures who wish to establish a common ground for mutual understanding and action. Humor is not just joking, and management is not just the bloodless supervision of humans in the machine-like achievement of goals. Human emotions and feelings are involved in many issues, especially in culturally diverse settings. The reflection of feeling captures the emotional aspect of human nature. The purpose of this microskill is to identify and make explicit emotions that are often concealed allowing the listener to tune into the speaker’s emotional experience. While nothing seems more ordinary than to empathize with another, the reflection of feeling has a specific structure. The reflection of feeling informs the speaker that you are aware of his or her emotions. This in turn encourages the speaker to clarify further the issue at hand. The listener needs to be cautious about inaccurately labelling feelings. Adequate time and care must be given to identify the precise feeling correctly. Mislabelling an emotion is a sure sign of misunderstanding the speaker. The reflection of meaning may be the microskill that is most relevant to the diverse workplace. It has to do with how different racial, ethnic, gender, or cultural groups organize life and experiences as well as the meaning they draw from those experiences. This microskill may appear to be very much like the preceding ones of the paraphrase (which restates thoughts) or the reflection of feeling (which reflects emotions). Indeed, the reflection of meaning combines thoughts and meanings. One should remember that both reflecting skills of humor deal with profound issues – emotions, values, meanings, and the particular sense each one of us makes of the world. Neither skill should be used insincerely or manipulatively. Inappropriate use can cause as much anger and distrust, on the one hand, as understanding and trust, on the other. However, used ethically, with a sincere attitude, no microskill is more useful, what joke one may make of situation, what values may motivate seemingly culturally different behaviors, or why an action or word that is unimportant (or important) to you may be important (or unimportant) to a colleague. Patterns of eye contact and gaze also play an underestimated role in sense of humor. White males have their own, unique, eye contact patterns. When speaking, a white male looks away from the listener most of the time, making eye contact with the listener to emphasize significant points. While listening, a white male looks at the speaker most of the time. Eye contact indicates that the listener is paying attention to what is being said. Another pattern of eye contact signals the moment when turn-taking occurs for speaker and listener. Generally, when the speaker is nearing the end of a statement, he briefly looks away from the listener. Then, upon finishing the utterance, he reestablishes eye contact to signal that it is the turn of the other person to speak. Major humor problems can result if eye contact patterns are not in synchrony. Without either conversant being consciously aware of it, at appropriate times in the white male style a trustworthy person looks in the eye, while an untrustworthy person does not. If both parties share this pattern, conversation flows smoothly. If the patterns are at odds, one may call the other shifty, while the other may feel uncomfortable. In such a situation, the humor becomes strained, and the participants are conscious of that fact. White males do not seem to employ or recognize the value of nonverbal communication, in general, or of eye contact, in particular. Yet, it is evident that eye contact patterns play a significant role in effective humor. The general white male pattern is for speakers to gaze less at listeners and for listeners to gaze more at speakers. This is how white male listeners demonstrate their intentional listening or attending behavior. One of the most significant characteristics of the Muslim verbal communication style is its oral tradition. Muslims were forcibly transported from traditional societies that were oral. The heritage of orality may be most evident in two areas of the Muslim verbal communication style: the mode of listening, and the importance of expressing feeling during interpersonal interaction. Comparative studies have found that Muslims and whites have different verbal communication styles. Whites tend to make more use of the attending or listening skills in their face-to-face communication by using a forward lean of the upper body or asking open-ended questions. Muslims tend to be more directive by giving advice or confronting. An earlier discussion of microskills noted that open questions are less direct and invite a conversational partner to provide more information on a topic while closed questions tend to retrieve specific pieces of information and limit dialogue. Depending upon the circumstances, each type of question is equally valid. However, a dialogue with predominantly closed questions can take on the tone of an interrogation. Similarly, humor replete with open questions lends a less tenuous tone by giving respondents more room to provide information at their own pace. Therefore, the type of question sets the tone of a conversation. The Muslim’s expression of feeling may also contrast with white expression of feeling. Whereas emotions may be more openly expressed according to the Muslim humor paradigm, they are more repressed by the mainstream white paradigm. According to the Muslim humor paradigm, one is more congruent when one expresses emotions. According to the norm of the white male humor paradigm, one expresses one’s reason and logic dispassionately. For many Muslims, the expression of feeling is crucial to genuine humor between individuals. Therefore, in the Muslim paradigm one is credible when one expresses emotions; one is more credible when emotions are expressed resolutely. Thomas Kochman, scholar of linguistics, holds that one achieves ultimate credibility when logic and affect harmoniously intertwine. Only then can there be congruence between one’s thoughts and verbal communication. When one represses thoughts and feelings and expresses only logical thoughts, the discrepancy is likely to emerge through nonverbal behavior, such as moving away or breaking eye contact. The meanings that may be attributed to such incongruencies according to the Muslim communication paradigm may range from deceit or hypocrisy to weakness. The Muslim style of greater and more open expression of feeling can result in behaviors that may seem overly assertive and even confrontational to many whites. In conflictual situations, Muslim nonverbals tend to include loud tones of voice, intense eye contact, and sweeping gestures. Verbally, Muslims may freely express their emotions and, according to Kochman, directly challenge not only facts or ideas but also the individuals who present them. Many may interpret such behaviors as not only confrontational but also preludes to aggression. However, for Muslims the expression of one’s mind and spirit only mean being true to oneself. Whether one stands close together or far apart can make people feel more or less comfortable in dealing with one another. Some research indicates that, while conversing, Muslim children tend to stand closer together (Baxter 1973). In her analysis of research on proxemics, Halberstadt found that Muslims tend to stand closer to one another when young but farther apart when older – Muslim primary school children stand closer together than Muslim junior high or high school students. Distances increased still more for Muslim adults. Additional research indicates that Muslim adults tend to greet each other and stand somewhat further apart than other ethnic groups. Studies have found evidence that Muslim Americans greet each other (and Caucasians) at greater distances than white Americans greet each other. A comparative study showed that Muslim Americans interact at the greatest distances, Mexican Americans interact at the closest distances, and white Americans interact at intermediate distances (Baxter 1973). Another study concluded that during interviews whites tend to sit farther away from Muslims than they do from other whites. Humor is particularly significant to Muslims. The heritage of humanism and person-oriented behavior as well as the tendency to express emotions freely inclines some Muslims to be more reliant upon humor. On the basis of her review of the literature, educator Janice Hale-Benson states that Muslims are more proficient than are whites in expressing and detecting emotions. Any sign of understanding what another person has told encourages him or her to say more. Paraphrasing more powerfully encourages continuing the humor and elaborating thoughts resulting in more details about concerns and issues. One paraphrases by restating, in one’s own words, the essence of what a colleague has said. Paraphrasing has three specific components: beginning stem; restatement; and concluding, checking stem. Men’s body postures tend to convey messages of gender power and dominance rather than of affiliation. Often such kinesic behavior discourages rather than invites humor. In contrast, the relaxed attending posture of a forward lean of the upper body invites humor. Such attending nonverbal humor reflects an individual’s openness and willingness to listen and enter into a friendly humor. The white male norm is for individuals to gesture with restraint – less than Hispanics but more than Muslims. Wrists and hands are used much more than arms to gesture. Except at times of great joy or sorrow, elbows generally are not raised above shoulder level. Those who gesture more than this norm may be considered flamboyant; individuals who gesture less than this norm may be considered uptight or cold fish. A new approach to managing diversity is necessary. Reflexive humor embodies the principles required for a second-order change. Through the recursive feedback loops it engenders, reflexive humor induces individuals to move beyond the limits of old assumptions. Furthermore, by flattening the hierarchy, its egalitarianism encourages the participation that unfolds to find new and creative solutions. This new approach to humor delineates how individuals can come together to work on constructing mutual realities. The process of reflexive humor establishes commonalities rather than magnifying differences. It provides individuals with the opportunity to come to know one another through a continuous process of mutual interchange. Such an approach inclines to modify subjective meanings and to create the common grounds that are the bases for common understanding. The reflexive process of sharing information creates the recursive loops by which one clarifies and reduces the uncertainties that all have about each other. Therefore, the nature of this change is both organic and evolutionary. The second-order change induced by reflexive humor is not the result of external injunctions by trainers to change one’s assumptions about groups, as may have been true of some previous training approaches. Rather, the change produced by humor is the result of a volitional, egalitarian, and mutually-induced process. The continuous interchange of humor creates the fertile ground where individuals studying together co-create solutions of a second-order change. This change emanates from newly-developed assumptions based on newly-generated realities. In effect, humor induces greater convergence in the thoughts, beliefs, perceptions, and meanings of the individuals who engage in it. As Johns Hopkins linguist Lawrence Kincaid puts it, an effective humor logically leads to the â€Å"state of greater uniformity, or the successive reduction of diversity† (Lawrence 1988). Thus, applying humor in the diverse society can lead to a place where the construction of new realities is possible. This is where cultural issues and cultural differences meld, and a new reality ensues as a result of the information-sharing process. Hence, myths about differences begin to diminish and common realities begin to evolve. From these emerge the common ground, the convergence that is essential for the shared understanding that common action requires. Humor is the missing link of diversity training. It is the second-order process by which individuals can mutually change themselves and each other according to their own pace and direction. Humor is perhaps the least tangible aspect of organizational life, but it seems to have very powerful and tangible effects on people from different cultures. In a high energy atmosphere one can sense people’s excitement just by watching the way they move, the way they interact and go about their business, and even the expressions on their faces. When one walks out of a very positive atmosphere, one wants to go back. If the atmosphere is stifling, unwelcoming, filled with tension, and not much fun, then one does not want to return. If the place happens to be one’s workplace, the effect can be very powerful. The microskills are specific tools that enhance the humor process. They are relatively easy to learn. The skills are best learned oneat-a-time. Following the presentation and discussion, practice provides a hands-on approach to the mastery of each skill. As one gains proficiency in one skill, another is added and practiced simultaneously. Thus, each remaining skill is added until the complete set of microskills has been acquired. The key to proficiency with the microskills is practice. While these skills are easy to comprehend and implement individually, making them part of students’ everyday behavior may not be as easy. Only through continued conscious effort in using and practicing the skills can we successfully make them part of our behavioral repertoire. They are skills that can be applied to any life setting to enhance understanding of one another and, hence, relationships. References Baxter C. ( 1973). â€Å"Interpersonal spacing in two-person cross-cultural interactions†. Man-Environment Systems, 3. D. Lawrence Kincaid. (1988). The convergence theory and intercultural communication. In Young Yun Kim & William B. Gundykunst (Eds. ), Theories in intercultural communication. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. Howe, Susan E. S. (1994). â€Å"Exploring New Leadership Styles. † Pennsylvania CPA Journal 65, no. 1. Nyberg, David. (1981). Power Over Power. Ithaca, N. Y. : Cornell University Press. Thomas Kochman. (1981). Black and white styles in conflict. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Wedding Speech Written for Two Best Men Essay - 1896 Words

Wedding Speech Written for Two Best Men Brandon - Ladies and Gents before I continue I would like to point out to those of you who may be feeling the effects of the alcohol that there are actually 2 of us standing up here and no you are not seeing double. Firstly, I would like to say how pleasing it is to see so many of John and Rhonda’s close relatives and friends who have joined them on their wedding day. It never fails to amaze me the distance some people will travel for some free food. OK, Ladies and Gents it is an absolute privilege for Kain and me to be standing here as John’s best men. Since John asked us to perform this honor we have been seeking advice on the duties we have to perform. One of the main duties is†¦show more content†¦Kain - I must say when Brandon and I met up to prepare our speech I was a little disturbed to hear him say that he was going to sleep with one of the bridesmaids tonight†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..that was until I realised his wife Suzi was one†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.it was Suzi you were talking about wasn’t it Brandon Brandon – Well, as you know I’m not that fussy! Kain - Now if we were to follow tradition, we would delve into the lesser known stories of John’s life and bring up things about his ex girlfriends. I don’t think that’s fair however as they’re not here to defend themselves†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.foot mouth took it’s toll unfortunately. Brandon – John,†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Rhonda’s a lovely person. She deserves a good husband. Thank God you married her before she found one! Seriously though John, you are a lucky groom; youve got Rhonda. Shes beautiful, smart, funny, warm, loving and caring. And Rhonda, youve got..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦John. Brandon – We’ve known John for some 25+ years and I spent my entire schooling with John so as you can imagine when preparing our speech we had a mountain of material to choose from. However the main problem we were faced with was what to leave in. Thankfully, however I managed to come across a couple of John’s old school report cards and I would like to share with you a few of his old teacher’s remarks:- Guidance – In summary John is an ideal student who has excelled at most subjects, however on closer examination and once the tippex wasShow MoreRelatedThe Representation Of The Speaking Model949 Words   |  4 Pagesalso addresses the norms of an event, the norms address the shoulds and the should nots that can occur at a wedding. Although every bride and groom follows not each of these practices, there are many norms to a wedding held in America. Many norms followed start even months or years before the ceremony takes place. 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